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Developmental disturbances of oral and paraoral structures

Craniofacial anomalies Congenital deformations of head and neck Developmental disturbances of jaws Abnormalities of dental arch relations Developmental disturbances of lips and palate Developmental disturbances of oral mucosa Developmental disturbances of gingiva Developmental disturbances of tongue Developmental disturbances of oral lymphoid tissue Developmental disturbances of salivary glands Developmental disturbances in size of teeth Developmental disturbances in shape of teeth Developmental disturbances in number of teeth Developmental disturbances in structure of teeth Disturbances in eruption of teeth References 3. Cysts of orofacial region Odontogenic cysts Nonodontogenic cysts Miscellaneous cysts References 4. Odontogenic tumors Classification of odontogenic tumors Tumors arising from odontogenic epithelium Tumors arising from odontogenic epithelium with odontogenic ectomesenchyme Tumors arising from odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or without included odontogenic epithelium Malignant odontogenic tumors Odontogenic carcinomas Odontogenic sarcomas References 5. Epithelial neoplasms of the oral cavity Benign neoplasms of epithelial tissue origin “Premalignant” lesions/conditions of epithelial tissue origin Malignant tumors of the epithelial tissue origin References 6. Nonepithelial tumors of the oral cavity Benign tumors of connective tissue origin Malignant tumors of connective tissue origin Benign tumors of muscle tissue origin Malignant tumors of muscle tissue origin Benign tumors of nerve tissue origin Malignant tumors of nerve tissue origin 7. Tumors of the salivary glands Benign epithelial tumors of salivary glands Malignant epithelial tumors of salivary glands Nonepithelial tumors Tumor-like lesions References 8. Bacterial infections of the oral cavity Tuberculosis Leprosy (Hansen disease) Actinomycosis Tetanus (lock-jaw) Syphilis (lues) Gonorrhea Granuloma inguinale (granuloma venereum, donovanosis) Noma (cancrum oris, gangrenous stomatitis) Scarlet fever (scarlatina) Diphtheria Botryomycosis (bacterial actinophytosis, actinobacillosis) Tularemia (rabbit fever) Rhinoscleroma (scleroma) Cat-scratch disease (cat-scratch fever, benign lymphoreticulosis) Pyostomatitis vegetans References 9. Viral infections Classification of major virus groups and viral diseases Measles (rubeola, red spots, morbilli) Mumps (epidemic parotitis) Nonspecific “mumps” Rubella (German measles) Herpangina (aphthous pharyngitis, vesicular pharyngitis) Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis Hand-foot-and-mouth disease Foot-and-mouth disease (aphthous fever, hoof-and-mouth disease, epizootic stomatitis) Chikungunya Herpes simplex (acute herpetic gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, fever blisters, cold sores) Chickenpox (varicella) Herpes zoster (shingles, zona) Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease (salivary gland virus disease) Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever, kissing disease) Smallpox (variola) Molluscum contagiosum Condyloma acuminatum (verruca acuminata, venereal wart) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) References 10. Mycotic infections Fungal infections Paracytic infections References 11. Dental caries Epidemiology of dental caries Etiology of dental caries Clinical aspects of dental caries Histopathology of dental caries Diagnosis of dental caries References

  1. Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues Diseases of dental pulp Diseases of periapical tissues References
  2. Periodontal diseases The healthy periodontium Deposits on teeth Classification of periodontal diseases and conditions Gingival diseases Periodontal diseases Developmental or acquired deformities Peri-implant diseases References
  3. Spread of oral infection Osteomyelitis Cellulitis (phlegmon) Infections of specific tissue spaces Manifestations of various space infections Ludwig angina Cavernous sinus thrombosis or thrombophlebitis Maxillary sinusitis Focal infection References
  4. Bone and joint diseases Definitions Diseases of the bone involving maxilla and mandible Diseases of temporomandibular joint References
  5. Hematologic diseases Diseases involving red blood cells Diseases involving white blood cells Diseases involving blood platelets Diseases involving specific blood factors References
  6. Diseases of the skin Ectodermal dysplasia (hereditary ectodermal dysplasia, ectodermal dysplasia syndrome) White sponge nevus (familial white folded dysplasia of mucous

membrane, oral epithelial nevus, congenital leukokeratosis, Cannon disease) Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Dyskeratosis congenita (Zinsser–Cole–Engman syndrome, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome) Xeroderma pigmentosum Ehlers–danlos syndrome (Tenascin-X deficiency syndrome, Lysyl hydroxylase deficiency syndrome, cutis hyperelastica) Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease) Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome (Goltz–Gorlin syndrome) Oral lichen planus (lichen ruber planus) Lichenoid reaction (lichenoid mucositis, lichenoid drug reaction, oral drug-induced lichenoid eruptions) Pemphigus Cicatricial pemphigoid (benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, ocular pemphigus) Bullous pemphigoid (parapemphigus) Epidermolysis bullosa Erythema multiforme (Stevens–Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme major, erythema multiforme minor, herpes-associated erythema multiforme, drug-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome) Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, dermatosclerosis, hidebound) disease) Psoriasis Acanthosis nigricans Pityriasis rosea (pityriasis circinata, roseola annulata, herpes tonsurans maculosus) Dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring–Brocq disease) Solar elastosis (senile elastosis, actinic elastosis) Graft-versus-host diseases References 18. Diseases of the nerves and muscles Diseases of the nerves Diseases of the muscles References 19. Allergic and immunologic diseases of the oral cavity Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (aphthous ulcers, canker sores) Behçet syndrome Reiter syndrome Sarcoidosis (boeck sarcoid, besnier–boeck–schaumann disease) Uveoparotid fever (uveoparotitis, heerfordt syndrome) Angioedema (angioneurotic edema, quincke edema, giant urticaria) Drug allergy (drug idiosyncrasy, drug sensitivity, stomatitis medicamentosa) Contact stomatitis and dermatitis (stomatitis and dermatitis venenata) Contact stomatitis from cinnamon flavoring agent Contact stomatitis from chronic oral mucosal contact with dental amalgam (silver amalgam) Perioral dermatitis Latex allergy Midline lethal granuloma (midline lethal granulomatous ulcerations) Wegener granulomatosis Chronic granulomatous disease References 20. Oral aspects of metabolic diseases Disturbances in mineral metabolism Disturbances in protein metabolism Individual amino acids Lysosomal storage diseases Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism Disturbances in lipid metabolism Avitaminoses Fat-soluble vitamins Water-soluble vitamins Disturbances in hormone metabolism References 21. Regressive alterations of the teeth Attrition, abrasion, and erosion Abfraction Dentinal sclerosis (transparent dentin) Dead tracts Secondary dentin Pulp calcification Resorption of teeth Hypercementosis (cementum hyperplasia) Cementicles References 22. Physical and chemical injuries of the oral cavity Injuries of teeth associated with tooth preparation Effect of restorative materials Effect of cement bases, cavity liners, varnishes, and primers Effect of cavity-sterilizing agents Physical injuries of the teeth Injuries to the supporting structures of the tooth Physical injuries of the bone Physical injuries of soft tissues Radiation injuries Electrical burns Cervicofacial emphysema Anesthetic necrosis Human bite (morsus humanus) Oral trauma related to sexual practices Chemical injuries of oral cavity Occupational injuries of the oral cavity Occlusal trauma References 23. Healing of oral wounds Factors affecting healing of oral wounds Complications of wound healing Healing after pulpal diseases Healing after periapical diseases Biopsy and healing of biopsy wound Exfoliative cytology Healing of gingivectomy wound Healing of extraction wound Healing of bone fracture Complications of fracture healing Distraction osteogenesis (osteodistraction and callus distraction) Replantation and transplantation of teeth Implants Stem cell therapy References 24. Forensic odontology Personal identification Dental identification procedures Identification in disasters Identification from dental DNA Palatal rugae in identification Reconstructive dental identification Dental profiling Crime investigation The dentist as an expert witness Acknowledgments References 25. Mucosal response to oral prostheses: Some pathological considerations Denture in the oral environment Direct sequelae caused by wearing dentures Indirect sequelae Oral reactions to orthodontic appliances References Diagrammatic representations of the histopathology of important oral lesions Index

disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism

medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms

CHAPTER 2 Developmental disturbances of oral and paraoral structures B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Craniofacial anomalies 11 Congenital deformations of head and neck 12 Teratogenic agents 12 Developmental disturbances of jaws 12 Agnathia 12 Micrognathia 12 Pierre Robin syndrome 13 Macrognathia 14 Mandibulofacial dysostosis 14 Facial hemihypertrophy 15 Facial hemiatrophy 16 Abnormalities of dental arch relations 18 Developmental disturbances of lips and palate 18 Cleft lip and cleft palate 18 Congenital lip and commissural pits, and fistulas 22 van der Doude syndrome 22 Double lip 23 Cheilitis glandularis 24 Cheilitis granulomatosa 25 Developmental disturbances of oral mucosa 26 Pigmented cellular nevus 26 Labial and oral melanotic macule 29 Hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome 30 Fordyce granules 31 Focal epithelial hyperplasia 31 Developmental disturbances of gingiva 32 Fibromatosis gingivae 32 Retrocuspid papilla 33 Developmental disturbances of tongue 34 Aglossia and microglossia syndrome 34 Macroglossia 34 Ankyloglossia 35 Cleft tongue 35 Fissured tongue 35 Median rhomboid glossitis 36 Benign migratory glossitis 38 Hairy tongue 39 Lingual varices 40 Lingual thyroid nodule 40 Developmental disturbances of oral lymphoid tissue 41 Reactive lymphoid aggregate 41 Lymphoid hamartoma 41 Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia 42 Developmental disturbances of salivary glands 42 Aplasia 42 Xerostomia 43 Hyperplasia of palatal glands 44 Atresia 44 Aberrancy 45 Developmental disturbances in size of teeth 45 Microdontia 45 Macrodontia 45 Developmental disturbances in shape of teeth 45 Gemination 45 Fusion 46 Concrescence 46 Lobodontia 48 Globodontia 48 Dilaceration 48 Talon cusp 49 Dens in dente 49 Dens evaginatus 50 Enamel pearl 50 Taurodontism 51 Supernumerary roots 52 Developmental disturbances in number of teeth 52 Anodontia 52 Supernumerary teeth 54 Predeciduous dentition 55 Postpermanent dentition 56 Developmental disturbances in structure of teeth 56 Amelogenesis imperfecta 56 Environmental enamel hypoplasia 58 Dentinogenesis imperfecta 62 Dentin dysplasia 64 Regional odontodysplasia 65 Dentin hypocalcification 65 Disturbances in eruption of teeth 66 Premature eruption 66 Eruption sequestrum 66 Delayed eruption 67 Multiple unerupted teeth 67 Retained deciduous teeth 67 Management 68 Embedded and impacted teeth 68 Ankylosed deciduous teeth 70

CHAPTER 3 Cysts of orofacial region B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Odontogenic cysts 72 Developmental odontogenic cysts 72 Odontogenic keratocyst 72 Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst 76 Dentigerous cyst 76 Eruption cyst 80 Lateral periodontal cyst 80 Glandular odontogenic cyst 83 Calcifying odontogenic cyst 84 Gingival cyst of newborn 85 Gingival cyst of adult 86 Inflammatory odontogenic cysts 88 Apical periodontal cyst 88 Inflammatory collateral cyst 91 Paradental cyst 92 Buccal bifurcation cyst 92 Nonodontogenic cysts 93 Developmental nonodontogenic cysts 93 Nasopalatine duct cyst 93 Median palatal cyst 94 Globulomaxillary cyst 94 Median mandibular cyst 95 Palatal cysts of neonate 96 Nasolabial cyst 96 Thyroglossal duct cyst 96 Oral lymphoepithelial cyst 97 Epidermoid cyst 98 Dermoid cyst 99 Inflammatory nonodontogenic cysts 100 Salivary cysts 100 Mucous extravasation cyst 100 Ranula 101 Mucous retention cyst 102 Antral cysts 102 Retention cyst of maxillary sinus 102 Surgical ciliated cyst of maxilla 104 Traumatic bone cyst 105 Aneurysmal bone cyst 107 Parasitic cysts 108 Miscellaneous cysts 109 Heterotopic oral gastrointestinal cyst 109 Stafne bone cyst 109 Anterior lingual depression 109 CHAPTER 4 Odontogenic tumors B. Sivapathasundharam, Preethi S. CHAPTER OUTLINE Classification of odontogenic tumors 111 Tumors arising from odontogenic epithelium 112 Ameloblastoma 112 Metastasizing ameloblastoma 120 Squamous odontogenic tumor 120 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor 122 Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor 125 Tumors arising from odontogenic epithelium with odontogenic ectomesenchyme 127 Ameloblastic odontoma 127 Ameloblastic fibroma 127 Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma 129 Odontoma 130 Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor 132 Primordial odontogenic tumor 134 Tumors arising from odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or without included odontogenic epithelium 134 Peripheral odontogenic fibroma 134 Central odontogenic fibroma 135 Odontogenic myxoma 136 Granular cell odontogenic tumor 138 Cementoblastoma 138 Cemento-ossifying fibroma 139 Malignant odontogenic tumors 139 Odontogenic carcinomas 139 Ameloblastic carcinoma 139 Primary intraosseous carcinoma 140 Sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma 141 Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma 142 Clear-cell odontogenic carcinoma 143 Odontogenic sarcomas 144 Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma 144 Odontogenic carcinosarcoma 144

CHAPTER 5 Epithelial neoplasms of the oral cavity B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Benign neoplasms of epithelial tissue origin 147 Squamous papilloma 147 Squamous acanthoma 148 Keratoacanthoma 148 “Premalignant” lesions/conditions of epithelial tissue origin 149 Dysplasia 150 Proliferative organization of oral epithelium 151 Staging of oral precancerous lesions 151 Leukoplakia 152 Verrucous hyperplasia 156 Epithelial dysplasia 157 Grading of epithelial dysplasia 157 Leukoedema 159 Intraepithelial carcinoma 160 Erythroplakia 161 Smoker’s palate 162 Palatal changes associated with reverse smoking 162 Palatal erythema 163 Central papillary atrophy of the tongue 163 Lesions associated with betel quid chewing 163 Oral lichen planus-like lesion 164 Oral submucous fibrosis 164 Biological studies on individuals and tissues from OSF 166 Management 167 Malignant tumors of the epithelial tissue origin 167 Basal cell carcinoma 167 Nodular basal cell carcinoma 168 Pigmented basal cell carcinoma 168 Cystic basal cell carcinoma 168 Superficial basal cell carcinoma 168 Micronodular basal cell carcinoma 168 Morpheaform and infiltrating basal cell carcinoma 168 Squamous cell carcinoma 169 Genetic basis of oral cancer 170 Clinical presentations of oral cancer 172 Metastatic carcinoma 172 TNM classification of lip and oral cavity carcinomas 172 Rules for classification 172 Anatomical sites and subsites 172 TNM clinical staging 174 Histopathological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma 175 Emerging trends 176 Carcinoma of lip 176 Carcinoma of tongue 177 Carcinoma of floor of the mouth 178 Carcinoma of buccal mucosa 179 Carcinoma of gingiva 179 Carcinoma of palate 180 Carcinoma of maxillary sinus 181 Verrucous carcinoma 181 Malignant melanoma 182 Spindle cell carcinoma 187 Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma 188 Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma 189 Adenosquamous cell carcinoma 189 Carcinoma cuniculatum 189 Papillary squamous cell carcinoma 190 Undifferentiated carcinoma 190 Lymphoepithelioma and transitional cell carcinoma 190 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 191 Metastatic carcinomas 192 CHAPTER 6 Nonepithelial tumors of the oral cavity B. Sivapathasundharam, R. Sathish Muthukumar CHAPTER OUTLINE Benign tumors of connective tissue origin 194 Oral fibroma 194 Fibromatoses 196 Giant cell fibroma 196 Myofibroma and myofibromatosis 196 Peripheral ossifying fibroma 197 Central ossifying fibroma of bone 198 Peripheral giant cell granuloma 199 Central giant cell granuloma and giant cell tumor of bone 201 Giant cell tumor of bone 203 Lipoma 204 Lipoblastoma 206 Verruciform xanthoma 206 Oral hemangiomas and vascular malformations 207 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 211 Encephalotrigeminal hemangiomatosis 212 Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 213 Pyogenic granuloma 214 Lymphangioma 216 Myxoma 217 Chondroma 218 Benign chondroblastoma 219 Chondromyxoid fibroma 219 Osteoma 219 Osteoid osteoma 220 Benign osteoblastoma 222 Torus palatinus 222 Torus mandibularis 224 Multiple exostoses 224 Malignant tumors of connective tissue origin 225 Fibrosarcoma 225 Miscellaneous locally aggressive fibrous lesions 226 Nodular fasciitis 227 Aggressive fibromatosis 227 Proliferative myositis 227 Fibrous histiocytoma 227 Atypical fibroxanthoma 227 Desmoplastic fibroma of bone 227 Fibrous histiocytoma 228 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma 228 Synovial sarcoma 229 Liposarcoma 230 Hemangioendothelioma 232 Hemangiopericytoma 233 Multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma of Kaposi 234 Ewing sarcoma 235 Chondrosarcoma 237 Osteosarcoma 239 Malignant lymphoma 243 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 243 Primary lymphoma of bone 247 African jaw lymphoma 249 Hodgkin disease 250 Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms 252 Plasmacytoma 255 Benign tumors of muscle tissue origin 257 Leiomyoma 257 Angiomyoma 257 Rhabdomyoma 258 Granular cell myoblastoma 258 Congenital epulis 259 Malignant tumors of muscle tissue origin 261 Leiomyosarcoma 261 Rhabdomyosarcoma 261 Alveolar soft part sarcoma 263 Benign tumors of nerve tissue origin 264 Traumatic neuroma 264 Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome 265 Neurofibroma 266 Localized neurofibroma 266 Diffuse neurofibroma 266 Plexiform neurofibroma 266 Pigmented neurofibroma 267 Neurofibromatosis 268 Neurilemmoma 269 Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy 270 Malignant tumors of nerve tissue origin 271 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor 271 Olfactory neuroblastoma 273 Metastatic tumors of jaws 273 CHAPTER 7 Tumors of the salivary glands B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Benign epithelial tumors of salivary glands 278 Adenomas 278 Pleomorphic adenoma 278 Myoepithelioma 281 Basal cell adenoma 281 Warthin tumor 282 Oncocytoma 283 Canalicular adenoma 284 Sebaceous adenoma 285 Papillomas 285 Ductal papilloma 285 Inverted ductal papilloma 286 Intraductal papilloma 286 Sialadenoma papilliferum 286 Cystadenoma 286 Malignant epithelial tumors of salivary glands 287 Carcinomas 287 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 287 Adenocarcinoma 289 Acinic cell carcinoma 290 Adenoid cystic carcinoma 291 Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma 293 Malignant mixed tumor 293 Squamous cell carcinoma 294 Basal cell adenocarcinoma 295 Epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma 295 Papillary cystadenocarcinoma 297 Undifferentiated carcinoma 297 Salivary adenocarcinoma 298 Oncocytic carcinoma 298 Salivary duct carcinoma 298 Sebaceous carcinoma 299 Sebaceous lymphadenocarcinoma 299 Malignant myoepithelioma 299 Other carcinomas 300 Small cell carcinoma 300 Adenosquamous carcinoma 300 Mucinous adenocarcinoma 300 Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma 300 Sialoblastoma 301 Nonepithelial tumors 301 Mesenchymal neoplasms 301 Malignant lymphomas 301 Secondary tumors 301 Tumor-like lesions 302 Sialadenosis 302 Oncocytosis 302 Necrotizing sialometaplasia 303 Benign lymphoepithelial lesion 304 IgG4-related mikulicz disease 305 Sjögren syndrome 305 Salivary cysts 308 Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of submandibular gland 308 Cystic lymphoid hyperplasia in AIDS 308

CHAPTER 8 Bacterial infections of the oral cavity B. Sivapathasundharam, N. Gururaj CHAPTER OUTLINE Tuberculosis 309 Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis 313 Leprosy 313 Actinomycosis 314 Tetanus 316 Syphilis 317 Acquired syphilis 317 Congenital (prenatal) syphilis 319 Gonorrhea 320 Granuloma inguinale 320 Noma 321 Scarlet fever 322 Diphtheria 322 Botryomycosis 324 Tularemia 324 Rhinoscleroma 325 Cat-scratch disease 325 Pyostomatitis vegetans 325 CHAPTER 9 Viral infections B. Sivapathasundharam, N. Gururaj, K. Ranganathan CHAPTER OUTLINE Classification of major virus groups and viral diseases 327 Measles 328 Mumps 329 Nonspecific “mumps” 330 Chronic nonspecific sialadenitis 330 Acute postoperative parotitis 330 Nutritional “mumps” 331 Chemical “mumps” 331 Miscellaneous factors 331 Rubella 332 Herpangina 332 Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis 332 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease 333 Foot-and-mouth disease 333 Chikungunya 334 Herpes simplex 334 Primary herpetic stomatitis 336 HSV infection and pregnancy 337 Recurrent or secondary herpetic labialis and stomatitis 337 Chickenpox 339 Herpes zoster 340 Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease 342 Infectious mononucleosis 342 Smallpox 344 Molluscum contagiosum 344 Condyloma acuminatum 345 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 345 Human immunodeficiency virus 346 Oral lesions in HIV infection 347 Diagnosis of HIV 351 Coronavirus disease 353

CHAPTER 1 0 Mycotic infections B. Sivapathasundharam, N. Gururaj CHAPTER OUTLINE Fungal infections 354 Candidiasis 354 Pseudomembranous candidiasis 355 Erythematous candidiasis 356 Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis 356 Candida-associated lesions 357 Denture stomatitis 357 Secondary oral candidiasis 358 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis 358 Phycomycosis 359 Rhinosporidiosis 361 Aspergillosis 361 Histoplasmosis 362 North American blastomycosis 363 South American blastomycosis 364 Coccidioidomycosis 364 Cryptococcosis 364 Geotrichosis 365 Sporotrichosis 365 Paracytic infections 366 Toxoplasmosis 366 Helminthic diseases 367 Cysticercosis 367 Trichinosis 367 Hydatid cyst 368 Oral myiasis 368

Dental caries CHAPTER 1 2 Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Diseases of dental pulp 404 Etiologic factors 404 Classification of pulpitis 405 Focal reversible pulpitis 405 Acute pulpitis 406 Chronic pulpitis 409 Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis 409 Diseases of periapical tissues 411 Apical periodontitis 411 Acute apical periodontitis 412 Chronic apical periodontitis 412 Apical periodontal cyst 416 Periapical abscess 416

CHAPTER 1 3 Periodontal diseases B. Sivapathasundharam, C. Burnice Nalina Kumari CHAPTER OUTLINE The healthy periodontium 420 Gingiva 420 Epithelium 421 Lamina propria 421 Periodontal ligament 421 Cementum 422 Alveolar bone 422 Deposits on teeth 422 Dental stains 422 Stains from smoking 423 Brown stains 423 Black stains 423 Green stains 423 Orange stains 423 Metallic stains 423 Antiseptic stains 424 Dental plaque 424 Composition of plaque 424 Formation of plaque biofilm 424 Dental calculus 424 Distribution of calculus 424 Composition of calculus 425 Attachment of calculus 425 Calculus formation 426 Importance of calculus 426 Halitosis 426 Classification of periodontal diseases 427 Gingival diseases 427 1. Plaque-induced gingival diseases 427 2. Nonplaque-induced gingival diseases 431 Gingival enlargement 432 Inflammatory gingival enlargement 433 Drug-induced gingival enlargement 433 Enlargement associated with systemic factors 434 Idiopathic gingival enlargement 436 Neoplastic enlargements 437 False enlargements 437 Periodontal diseases 437 Chronic periodontitis 440 Aggressive periodontitis 442 Periodontitis as the manifestation of systemic diseases 443 Necrotizing diseases of periodontium 443 Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 443 Acute necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis 446 Abscesses of periodontium 447 Ginigival abscess 447

Periodontal abscess 447 Pericoronal abscess 448 Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions 449 Endodontic-periodontal lesions 449 Periodontal-endodontic lesions 449 Combined lesions 449 Developmental or acquired deformities 449 Mucogingival deformities 449 Mucogingival deformities and conditions around teeth 450 Mucogingival deformities and conditions on edentulous edges 450 Peri-implant diseases 450 Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis

CHAPTER 1 4 Spread of oral infection B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Osteomyelitis 452 Acute suppurative osteomyelitis 453 Chronic suppurative osteomyelitis 454 Chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis 455 Chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis 456 Chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis 457 Cellulitis 459 Infections of specific tissue spaces 460 Spread of infection from maxillary teeth 460 Spread of infection from mandibular teeth 460 Manifestations of various space infections 461 Infratemporal space 461 Pterygomandibular space 461 Lateral pharyngeal space 461 Retropharyngeal space 462 Parotid space 463 Space of Body of the Mandible 463 Submasseteric space 463 Submandibular or Inframandibular Spaces 463 Submandibular space 464 Sublingual space 464 Submental space 465 Ludwig angina 465 Cavernous sinus thrombosis or thrombophlebitis 466 Maxillary sinusitis 466 Acute maxillary sinusitis 466 Chronic maxillary sinusitis 467 Focal infection 467 Mechanism of focal infection 468 Oral foci of infection 468 Significance of oral foci of infection 468 CHAPTER 1 5 Bone and joint diseases B. Sivapathasundharam, R. Madhavan Nirmal CHAPTER OUTLINE Definitions 472 Diseases of the bone involving maxilla and mandible 472 Osteogenesis imperfecta 472 Sillence classification of osteogenesis imperfecta 473 Osteopetrosis 474 Fibrous dysplasia 475 McCune–Albright syndrome 479 Cemento-osseous dysplasia 480 Gigantiform cementoma 481 Cherubism 482 Paget disease 484 Massive osteolysis 488 Infantile cortical hyperostosis 488 Marfan syndrome 489 Craniosynostosis syndromes 490 Craniofacial dysostosis 491 Apert syndrome 492 Achondrogenesis 493 Achondroplasia 494 Chondroectodermal dysplasia 495 Cleidocranial dysplasia 495 Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome 497 Down syndrome 497 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 498 Eosinophilic granuloma 499 Hand–Schüller–Christian disease 499 Letterer–Siwe disease 502 Diseases of temporomandibular joint 502 Developmental disturbances of temporomandibular joint 502 Condylar hypoplasia/aplasia 502 Condylar hyperplasia 503 Bifid condyle 504 Traumatic disturbances of temporomandibular joint 504 Dislocation of the condyles 504 Ankylosis of TMJ 505 Internal derangement of articular disk 506 Inflammatory disturbances of temporomandibular joint 508 Osteoarthritis 508 Rheumatoid arthritis 509 Septic (infectious) arthritis 510 Loose joint bodies 511 Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) 511 Neoplasms of temporomandibular joint 512 CHAPTER 1 6 Hematologic diseases Mandana Darafsh Donoghue, B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Diseases involving red blood cells 513 Anemia 513 Anemia of reduced erythropoiesis 515 Iron-deficiency anemia and Plummer–Vinson syndrome 515 Megaloblastic anemia 517 Aplastic anemia 520 Thalassemia 526 Polycythemia 529 Polycythemia vera 529 Diseases involving white blood cells 531 Leukopenia 531 Neutropenia/granulocytopenia 531 Cyclic neutropenia 533 Agranulocytosis 534 Leukocytosis 535 Leukemia 535 Acute myeloid leukemia 537 Chronic myelogenous leukemia 537 Acute leukemia 539 Chronic leukemia 539 Diseases involving blood platelets 540 Thrombocytopenia 541 Thrombocytopenic purpura 541 Diseases involving specific blood factors 544 Hemophilia 545 von Willebrand disease 546 Rare clotting factor deficiencies 547 Plasminogen deficiency 547

CHAPTER 1 7 Diseases of the skin B. Sivapathasundharam, Umadevi K. Rao CHAPTER OUTLINE Ectodermal dysplasia 549 White sponge nevus 551 Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis 552 Dyskeratosis congenita 553 Xeroderma pigmentosum 554 Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 554 Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome 556 Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome 556 Oral lichen planus 557 Lichenoid reaction 561 Pemphigus 562 Pemphigus vulgaris 562 Pemphigus foliaceus 565 Paraneoplastic pemphigus 565 Familial benign pemphigus 566 Cicatricial pemphigoid 567 Bullous pemphigoid 568 Epidermolysis bullosa 569 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 569 Junctional epidermolysis bullosa 570 Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophic, dominant 570 Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophic, recessive 570 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita 571 Erythema multiforme 571 Stevens–Johnson syndrome 572 Systemic lupus erythematosus 573 Discoid lupus erythematosus 575 Systemic sclerosis 576 Psoriasis 578 Acanthosis nigricans 580 Pityriasis rosea 580 Dermatitis herpetiformis 582 Solar elastosis 582 Graft-versus-host diseases 583 CHAPTER 1 8 Diseases of the nerves and muscles B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Diseases of the nerves 584 Disturbances of fifth cranial nerve 584 Trigeminal neuralgia 584 Paratrigeminal syndrome 586 Sphenopalatine neuralgia 587 Burning mouth syndrome 587 Orolingual paresthesia 588 Auriculotemporal syndrome 588 Disturbances of seventh cranial nerve 589 Bell palsy 589 Disturbances of ninth cranial nerve 590 Glossopharyngeal neuralgia 590 Miscellaneous disturbances of nerves 590 Dysgeusia 590 Neuritis 592 Migraine 592

Temporal/giant cell arteritis 592 Complex regional pain syndrome 593 Atypical facial pain 593 Atypical odontalgia 594 Horner syndrome 594 Motor system disease 594 Multiple sclerosis 595 Orofacial dyskinesia 595 Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome 596 Diseases of the muscles 596 Dystrophies 597 Severe generalized familial muscular dystrophy 597 Mild restricted muscular dystrophy 597 Myotonias 597 Dystrophic myotonia 598 Congenital myotonia 598 Acquired myotonia 598 Hemifacial spasm 598 Periodic paralyses 599 Hypotonia 599 Myasthenia 599 Myasthenia gravis 599 Myositis 600 Dermatomyositis 600 Heterotopic ossification 601 Proliferative myositis 603 Focal myositis 603 Miscellaneous myopathies 603 Congenital facial diplegia 603 CHAPTER 1 9 Allergic and immunologic diseases of the oral cavity B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Recurrent aphthous stomatitis 605 Behçet syndrome 609 Reiter syndrome 610 Sarcoidosis 611 Uveoparotid fever 611 Angioedema 612 Drug allergy 613 Contact stomatitis and dermatitis 615 Contact stomatitis from cinnamon flavoring agent 616 Contact stomatitis from chronic oral mucosal contact with dental amalgam 617 Perioral dermatitis 617 Latex allergy 617 Midline lethal granuloma 618 Wegener granulomatosis 618 Chronic granulomatous disease 619

CHAPTER 2 0 Oral aspects of metabolic diseases B. Sivapathasundharam’, Anitha Krishnan Pandarathodiyil CHAPTER OUTLINE Disturbances in mineral metabolism 622 Minerals 622 Calcium 622 Phosphorus 625 Magnesium 625 Sodium 626 Potassium 627 Chlorine 628 Trace elements 628 Iodine 628 Copper 628 Iron 629 Zinc 629 Manganese 630 Cobalt 630 Chromium 630 Selenium 630 Fluoride 631 Disturbances in protein metabolism 631 Protein requirements 632 Protein–energy (calorie) malnutrition 632 Marasmus 632 Kwashiorkor 632 Individual amino acids 633 Amyloidosis 633 Porphyria 634 Erythropoietic uroporphyria 635 Lysosomal storage diseases 635 Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism 636 Mucopolysaccharidoses 636 Hurler syndrome 636 Lipoid proteinosis 637 Hereditary fructose intolerance 637 Disturbances in lipid metabolism 637 Gaucher disease 638 Niemann–Pick disease 639 Letterer–Siwe disease 639 Avitaminoses 640 Fat-soluble vitamins 640 Vitamin A 640 Hypervitaminosis A 641 Vitamin D 642 Vitamin D and cancer 642 Relationship with calcium and phosphorus homeostasis 642 Vitamin D–deficient rickets 642 Osteomalacia 643 Vitamin D–resistant rickets 64 Renal rickets 644 Hypophosphatasia 644 Pseudohypophosphatasia 646 Vitamin E 646 Vitamin K 647 Water-soluble vitamins 647 Vitamin C 647 Vitamin B complex 649 Riboflavin 650 Niacin (pellagra) 651 Pantothenic acid 651 Pyridoxine 652 Choline 652 Biotin 652 Inositol 652 Folic acid 652 Vitamin B12 652 Disturbances in hormone metabolism 652 Pituitary hormones 653 Hypopituitarism 654 Hyperpituitarism 654 Thyroid hormone 655 Hypothyroidism 655 Hyperthyroidism 656 Parathyroid hormone 656 Primary hyperparathyroidism 656 Secondary hyperparathyroidism 658 Hypoparathyroidism 658 Gonadal hormones 6 Adrenal hormones 658 Acute insufficiency of the adrenal cortex 659 Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex: Addison disease 659 Hyperfunction of adrenal gland 660 Stress and the “adaptation syndrome” 660 Pancreatic hormone: insulin 661 Diabetes mellitus 661 Progeria 662 CHAPTER 2 1 Regressive alterations of the teeth B. Sivapathasundharam CHAPTER OUTLINE Attrition, abrasion, and erosion 663 Attrition 663 Abrasion 664 Erosion 665 Causes 665 Management of erosion 667 Abfraction 668 Dentinal sclerosis 668 Dead tracts 669 Secondary dentin 669 Physiological secondary dentin 669 Reparative secondary dentin 669 Pulp calcification 670 True denticles 670 False denticles 670 Diffuse calcifications 670 Resorption of teeth 672 External resorption 672

Resorption associated with periapical inflammation 672 Reimplanted teeth 672 Tumors and cysts 672 Excessive mechanical or occlusal forces 673 Idiopathic resorption 674 Internal resorption 674 Hypercementosis 676 Cementicles 678 CHAPTER 2 2 Physical and chemical injuries of the oral cavity B. Sivapathasundharam, Vijay Wadhwan CHAPTER OUTLINE Injuries of teeth associated with tooth preparation 680 Effect of tooth preparation 680 Effect of heat 680 Effect of restorative materials 680 Zinc oxide eugenol 681 Silver amalgam 681 Glass-ionomer 681 Restorative resins 681 Self-polymerizing acrylic resin 681 Conventional composite resins 681 Microfilled composite resins 682 Effect of cement bases, cavity liners, varnishes, and primers 682 Cement bases 682 Cavity liners 682 Cavity varnishes 683 Effect of cavity-sterilizing agents 683

Physical injuries of the teeth 683 Bruxism 683 Fractures of teeth 684 Cracked tooth syndrome 685 Injuries to the supporting structures of the tooth 685 Concussion 685 Subluxation 685 Avulsion 685 Tooth ankylosis 686 Physical injuries of the bone 686 Fractures of the jaws 686 Fractures of the maxilla 686 Fractures of the mandible 687 Focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect of the jaw 687 Physical injuries of soft tissues 688 Linea alba 688 Toothbrush trauma 689 Traumatic ulcer 689 Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia 690 Angina bullosa hemorrhagica 691 Factitial injuries 692 Lip biting and cheek biting 692 Denture injuries 693 Traumatic ulcer 693 Generalized inflammation 693 Inflammatory (fibrous) hyperplasia 693 Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia 694 Denture base intolerance or allergy 695 Sialolithiasis 695 Maxillary antrolithiasis 697 Rhinolithiasis 697 Radiation injuries 697 General effects of radiation on tissue 697 Effects on skin 698 Effects on oral mucosa 699 Effects on salivary glands 699 Effects on teeth 699 Effects on bone 700 Osteoradionecrosis 700 Laser radiation 701 Electrical burns 701 Cervicofacial emphysema 701 Anesthetic necrosis 702 Human bite 702 Oral trauma related to sexual practices 702 Chemical injuries of oral cavity 703 Nonallergic reaction to drugs and chemicals used locally 703 Aspirin 703 Endodontic materials 703 Gutta-percha 704 Clove oil 704 Nonallergic reactions to drugs and chemicals used systemically 704 Dilantin sodium 705 Cyclosporine 705 Nifedipine 706 Lead 706 Mercury 706 Maxillary antrolithiasis 697 Rhinolithiasis 697 Radiation injuries 697 General effects of radiation on tissue 697 Effects on skin 698 Effects on oral mucosa 699 Effects on salivary glands 699 Effects on teeth 699 Effects on bone 700 Osteoradionecrosis 700 Laser radiation 701 Electrical burns 701 Cervicofacial emphysema 701 Anesthetic necrosis 702 Human bite 702 Oral trauma related to sexual practices 702 Chemical injuries of oral cavity 703 Nonallergic reaction to drugs and chemicals used locally 703 Aspirin 703 Endodontic materials 703 Gutta-percha 704 Clove oil 704 Nonallergic reactions to drugs and chemicals used systemically 704 Dilantin sodium 705 Cyclosporine 705 Nifedipine 706 Lead 706 Mercury 706

CHAPTER 2 5 Mucosal response to oral prostheses: Some pathological considerations Mahesh Verma’, Priya Kumar CHAPTER OUTLINE Denture in the oral environment 759 Sequelae caused by wearing removable prostheses 760 Interaction of prosthetic materials and the oral environment 760 Direct sequelae caused by wearing dentures 760 Denture stomatitis 760 Flabby ridge 761 Denture irritation hyperplasia 761 Traumatic ulcers 762 Angular cheilitis 762 Oral cancer in denture wearers 763 Burning mouth syndrome 763 Etiological factors 763 Gagging 764 Residual ridge resorption 764 Overdenture abutments: caries and periodontal disease 764 Indirect sequelae 764 Atrophy of masticatory muscles 764 Nutritional deficiencies 765 Masticatory ability and performance 765 Allergic reactions 765 Peri-implant disease 766 Oral reactions to orthodontic appliances 768 Effect on teeth 768 Enamel 768 Pulp 768 Roots 769 Effect on periodontium 769 Effects on lining mucosa 769 Allergy 769

structure

sets - tooth and gingiva(direction) - buccal mucosa - palate - tongue - salivary glands - tonsils - muscles of mastication - tmj - pharynx

signs